(1) Background: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common manifestation of dry eye syndrome (DES). (2) Methods: The purpose of this study is to identify clinical parameters and biomarkers useful to improve the follow-up and the treatment of these patients. We have used an ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer test I/II, tear film break-up time (TF-BUT), fluorescein plus lissamine green staining, Marx's line (ML), and meibomian gland (MGs) morphology using Sirius® Topographer (CSO, Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici, Florence, Italy). Blood sample analysis included glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione (ASD) and testosterone. (3) Results: Cortisol and ASD were positively correlated with an increase of MG tortuosity, and an Increased level of triglycerides was associated with a reduction of MGs length. DHEAS levels lowered with age and were associated with ocular surface staining. (4) Conclusions: Future studies, perhaps including meibum lipid analysis and tear cytokine levels, may also further elucidate the connection between these parameters, MG architecture and function.
Keywords: biomarkers; diabetes mellitus; hormones; mibomian gland dysfunction.