Combined Adjuvant Formulations Enhanced an Immune Response of Trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine in Cattle

Getu Ayele; Belayneh Getachew; Fufa Dawo Bari; Berecha Bayissa; Ayelech Muluneh; Takele Abayneh; Esayas Gelaye; Bedaso Mammo Edao

doi:10.2147/VMRR.S397590

Combined Adjuvant Formulations Enhanced an Immune Response of Trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine in Cattle

Vet Med (Auckl). 2023 Apr 15:14:47-62. doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S397590. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Getu Ayele¹, Belayneh Getachew¹, Fufa Dawo Bari², Berecha Bayissa¹, Ayelech Muluneh³, Takele Abayneh¹, Esayas Gelaye¹, Bedaso Mammo Edao²

Affiliations

¹ Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.
² Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Vet Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.
³ Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia.

Abstract

Introduction: Foot-and-mouth disease is globally one of the most economically important viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals that can be controlled by different strategies, where vaccination plays an important role. Selection of adjuvant added to vaccine preparation is crucial in ensuring the protective effect of the vaccine. Aluminum hydroxide gel mixed with saponin (AS) is widely used adjuvant, with its suboptimal immune response in FMD vaccine. The present study was undertaken to evaluate different ingredients of adjuvants for inactivated trivalent (A, O and SAT 2) FMD vaccine and to demonstrate the effect of booster dose in cattle.

Methods: Cattle were grouped into five; four experimental and one control, with six animals in each group and immunized with trivalent vaccine with various formulations of adjuvants. Immune response was measured using Solid Phase Competitive Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (SPCE).

Results: The antibody level in cattle immunised with a vaccine formulation containing a mixture of aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin (AS) were significantly lower than AS boosted group for the three serotypes (p<0.05, t-test), which directs the need for booster dose. Whereas the antibody response in the AS + oil group was higher followed by oil alone. The AS preparation with a booster dose has shown better immune response compared to the group without.

Conclusion: The findings of this study could suggest that oil based and AS with oil could replace the conventional aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin adjuvants in FMD vaccine preparations. Challenge test was not successful indicating the need for further research on the virus infectivity.

Keywords: adjuvant; foot and mouth disease; immune response; serotype.

Grants and funding

This study was financially supported by the National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia. The funding organization had no any role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.