Pelvic venous congestion syndrome: female venous congestive syndromes and endovascular treatment options

Elika Kashef; Elizabeth Evans; Neeral Patel; Deepsha Agrawal; Anne P Hemingway

doi:10.1186/s42155-023-00365-y

Pelvic venous congestion syndrome: female venous congestive syndromes and endovascular treatment options

CVIR Endovasc. 2023 Apr 20;6(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s42155-023-00365-y.

Authors

Elika Kashef^{1

2}, Elizabeth Evans³, Neeral Patel⁴, Deepsha Agrawal⁵, Anne P Hemingway⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Radiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, The Bays, South Wharf Road, London, W2 1NY, UK. elika.kashef@nhs.net.
² Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, S Wharf Road, London, W2PE, UK. elika.kashef@nhs.net.
³ Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G12 0XH, UK.
⁴ Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, S Wharf Road, London, W2PE, UK.
⁵ Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX39DU ST3, UK.

Abstract

Pelvic venous congestion syndrome (PVCS) is a common, but underdiagnosed, cause of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women.PVCS occurs usually, but not exclusively, in multiparous women. It is characterized by chronic pelvic pain of more than six months duration with no evidence of inflammatory disease.The patients present to general practitioners, gynaecologists, vascular specialists, pain specialists, gastroenterologists and psychiatrists. Pain of variable intensity occurs at any time but is worse in the pre-menstrual period, and is exacerbated by walking, standing, and fatigue. Post coital ache, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, bladder irritability and rectal discomfort are also common. Under-diagnosis of this condition can lead to anxiety and depression.A multidisciplinary approach in the investigation and management of these women is vital.Non-invasive imaging (US, CT, MRI) are essential in the diagnosis and exclusion of other conditions that cause CPP as well in the definitive diagnosis of PVCS. Trans-catheter venography remains the gold standard modality for the definitive diagnosis and is undertaken as an immediate precursor to ovarian vein embolization (OVE). Conservative, medical and surgical management strategies have been reported but have been superseded by OVE, which has a reported technical success rates of 96-100%, low complication rates and long-term symptomatic relief in between 70-90% of cases.The condition, described in this paper as PVCS, is referred to by a wide variety of other terms in the literature, a cause of confusion.There is a significant body of literature describing the syndrome and the excellent outcomes following OVE however the lack of prospective, multicentre randomized controlled trials for both investigation and management of PVCS is a significant barrier to the complete acceptance of both the existence, investigation and management of the condition.

Keywords: Chronic pelvic pain; Embolization; Embolotherapy; Ovarian Vein Embolization; Ovarian varices; Pelvic congestion syndrome; Pelvic varices; Pelvic venous insufficiency.

Publication types

Review