The mammalian brain contains ∼20,000 distinct lipid species that contribute to its structural organization and function. The lipid profiles of cells change in response to a variety of cellular signals and environmental conditions that result in modulation of cell function through alteration of phenotype. The limited sample material combined with the vast chemical diversity of lipids makes comprehensive lipid profiling of individual cells challenging. Here, we leverage the resolving power of a 21 T Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer for chemical characterization of individual hippocampal cells at ultrahigh mass resolution. The accuracy of the acquired data allowed differentiation of freshly isolated and cultured hippocampal cell populations, as well as finding differences in lipids between the soma and neuronal processes of the same cell. Differences in lipids include TG 42:2 observed solely in the cell bodies and SM 34:1;O2 found only in the cellular processes. The work represents the first mammalian single cells analyzed at ultrahigh resolution and is an advance in the performance of mass spectrometry (MS) for single-cell research.