Causal associations between major depressive disorder and COVID-19

Ancha Baranova; Yi Zhao; Hongbao Cao; Fuquan Zhang

doi:10.1136/gpsych-2022-101006

Causal associations between major depressive disorder and COVID-19

Gen Psychiatr. 2023 Apr 5;36(2):e101006. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2022-101006. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Ancha Baranova^{1

2}, Yi Zhao³, Hongbao Cao¹, Fuquan Zhang^{3

4}

Affiliations

¹ School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
² Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow.
³ Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
⁴ Institute of Neuropsychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

Abstract

Background: We aimed to evaluate whether major depressive disorder (MDD) could aggravate the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or whether the genetic liability to COVID-19 could trigger MDD.

Aims: We aimed to assess bidirectional causal associations between MDD and COVID-19.

Methods: We performed genetic correlation and Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to assess potential associations between MDD and three COVID-19 outcomes. Literature-based network analysis was conducted to construct molecular pathways connecting MDD and COVID-19.

Results: We found that MDD has positive genetic correlations with COVID-19 outcomes (r_g: 0.10-0.15). Our MR analysis indicated that genetic liability to MDD is associated with increased risks of COVID-19 infection (odds ratio (OR)=1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00 to 1.10, p=0.039). However, genetic liability to the three COVID-19 outcomes did not confer any causal effects on MDD. Pathway analysis identified a panel of immunity-related genes that may mediate the links between MDD and COVID-19.

Conclusions: Our study suggests that MDD may increase the susceptibility to COVID-19. Our findings emphasise the need to increase social support and improve mental health intervention networks for people with mood disorders during the pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19; Mendelian randomization analysis; depression; depressive disorder, major; genetics, behavioral.