Emotion Regulation Is Associated with Anxiety, Depression and Stress in Adults with Cerebral Palsy

Ingrid Honan; Emma Waight; Joan Bratel; Fiona Given; Nadia Badawi; Sarah McIntyre; Hayley Smithers-Sheedy

doi:10.3390/jcm12072527

Emotion Regulation Is Associated with Anxiety, Depression and Stress in Adults with Cerebral Palsy

J Clin Med. 2023 Mar 28;12(7):2527. doi: 10.3390/jcm12072527.

Authors

Ingrid Honan^{1

2}, Emma Waight¹, Joan Bratel¹, Fiona Given¹, Nadia Badawi^{1

3}, Sarah McIntyre¹, Hayley Smithers-Sheedy¹

Affiliations

¹ Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Specialty of Child & Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
² Australian Centre for Health, Independence, Economic Participation and Value Enhanced Care for Adolescents and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy (CP-Achieve), Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
³ Grace Centre for Newborn Care, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Specialty of Child & Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.

Abstract

Emotion regulation difficulties are associated with many neurological conditions and negatively impact daily function. Yet little is known about emotion regulation in adults with cerebral palsy (CP). Our aim was to investigate emotion regulation in adults with CP and its relationship with condition-related and/or socio-demographic factors. In a cross-sectional study of adults with CP, participants completed a survey containing the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and socio-demographic and condition-related questions. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared and Mann-Whitney tests were performed. Of the 42 adults with CP (x31.5 years, SD13.5) that were tested, 38 had within normal limits DERS total scores; however, a significantly higher proportion of participants experienced elevated scores (i.e., more difficulties with emotion regulation) than would be expected in the general population across five of the six DERs subdomains. Moderate-extremely severe depression and anxiety symptoms were reported by 33% and 60% of participants, respectively. The DERS total scores for participants with elevated depression, anxiety, and stress scores were significantly higher than the DERS totals score for those without elevated depression, anxiety, and stress scores. DERS and DASS-21 scores did not differ significantly by condition-related nor socio-demographic characteristics. In conclusion, emotion regulation difficulties were associated with elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety, which were overrepresented in the adults with CP participating in this study.

Keywords: anxiety; cerebral palsy; depression; disability; emotion regulation.

Grants and funding

This research received no external project funding. HSS received salary support through a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Early Career Fellowship (1144566) and Australasian Cerebral Palsy Clinical Trials Network.