Energy-efficient, healthy lighting is vital for human beings. Incandescent lighting provides high-fidelity color rendering and ergonomic visual comfort yet is phased out owing to low luminous efficacy (15 lumens per watt) and poor lifetime (2000 hours). Here, we propose and experimentally realize a photon-recycling incandescent lighting device (PRILD) with a luminous efficacy of 173.6 lumens per watt (efficiency of 25.4%) at a power density of 277 watts per square centimeter, a color rendering index (CRI) of 96, and a LT70-rated lifetime of >60,000 hours. The PRILD uses a machine learning-designed 637-nm-thick visible-transparent infrared-reflective filter and a Janus carbon nanotube/hexagonal boron nitride filament to recycle 92% of the infrared radiation. The PRILD has higher luminous efficacy, CRI, and lifetime compared with solid-state lighting and thus is promising for high-power density lighting.