As a newly emerging class of molecular crystal materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are extensively used in a variety of fields including catalysis, separation, energy storage, and biosensors, by virtue of their large specific surface area, excellent chemical stability, and adjustable pore size. In particular, several functional materials have been integrated into the MOF structure, which greatly improves the conductivity of MOFs and facilitates the application of MOFs in the field of electrochemical biosensing. Herein, this review highlights the recent applications of MOF composites for photoelectrochemical (PEC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors. This paper first briefly describes the classification and various synthesis methods of MOFs. Then, it comprehensively summarizes different types of MOF-based biosensors in PEC and ECL and their applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook for future work in MOF-based PEC and ECL biosensors are tentatively proposed.