The association between maternal HbA1c and adverse outcomes in gestational diabetes

Abstract

Background: The role of HbA1c in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still unclear, particularly in the Asian population.

Aim: To investigate the association between HbA1c levels and adverse outcomes considering maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and gestational weight gain (GWG) in women with GDM.

Method: A retrospective study included 2048 women with GDM and singleton live births. Using logistic regression, the associations between HbA1c and adverse pregnancy outcomes were assessed.

Result: Compared to women with HbA1c ≤ 5.0%, HbA1c was significantly associated with macrosomia (aOR 2.63,95%CI1.61,4.31), pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH, aOR 2.56,95%CI1.57,4.19), preterm birth (aOR 1.64,95%CI 1.05,2.55), and primary Cesarean section (primary C-section, aOR1.49,95%CI1.09,2.03) in GDM women with HbA1c ≥5.5% while significantly associated with PIH (aOR 1.91,95%CI1.24,2.94) in women with HbA1c 5.1-5.4%. The associations between HbA1c and adverse outcomes varied with maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and GWG. In women aged ≤29 years, there's significant association between HbA1c and primary C-section when HbA1c was 5.1-5.4% and ≥5.5%. In women aged 29-34 years and HbA1c ≥5.5%, HbA1c was significantly associated with macrosomia. In women aged ≥35 years, there's significant association between HbA1c and preterm birth when HbA1c was 5.1-5.4% and macrosomia and PIH when HbA1c ≥5.5%. In pre-pregnant normal-weight women, HbA1c was significantly associated with macrosomia, preterm birth, primary C-section, and PIH when HbA1c ≥5.5% while HbA1c was significantly associated with PIH when HbA1c was 5.1-5.4% . In pre-pregnant underweight women with HbA1c 5.1-5.4%, HbA1c was significantly associated with primary C-section. HbA1c was significantly associated with macrosomia among women with inadequate GWG or excess GWG and HbA1c≥5.5%. In women with adequate GWG, there's significant association between HbA1c and PIH when HbA1c was 5.1-5.4% and ≥5.5% .

Conclusion: Conclusively, HbA1c at the time of diagnosis is significantly associated with macrosomia, preterm birth, PIH, and primary C-section in Chinese women with GDM.

Keywords: adverse outcomes; gestational diabetes mellitus; gestational weight gain; glycated hemoglobin A1c; obesity; pre-pregnancy body mass index.