High resolution assessment of cardiac functional parameters is crucial in translational animal research. The chick embryo is a historically well-used in vivo model for cardiovascular research due to its many practical advantages, and the conserved form and function of the chick and human cardiogenesis programs. This review aims to provide an overview of several different technical approaches for chick embryo cardiac assessment. Doppler echocardiography, optical coherence tomography, micromagnetic resonance imaging, microparticle image velocimetry, real-time pressure monitoring, and associated issues with the techniques will be discussed. Alongside this discussion, we also highlight recent advances in cardiac function measurements in chick embryos.
Keywords: Doppler; blood flow; blood flow velocity; cardiac function; cardiac physiology; chick embryo; echocardiography; hemodynamics; magnetic resonance imaging; optical coherence tomography; pressure; shear stress.
© 2023 The Authors. Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for Anatomy.