Does Incident Cardiovascular Disease Lead to Greater Odds of Functional and Cognitive Impairment? Insights From the Health and Retirement Study

Abstract

Background: Although studies to date have broadly shown that cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases cognitive and physical impairment risk, there is still limited understanding of the magnitude of this risk among relevant CVD subtypes or age cohorts.

Methods: We analyzed longitudinal data from 16 679 U.S. Health and Retirement Study participants who were aged ≥65 years at study entry. Primary endpoints were physical impairment (activities of daily living impairment) or cognitive impairment (Langa-Weir Classification of dementia). We compared these endpoints among participants who developed incident CVD versus those who were CVD free, both in the short term (<2-year postdiagnosis) and long term (>5 years), controlling for sociodemographic and health characteristics. We then analyzed the effects by CVD subtype (atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and stroke) and age-at-diagnosis (65-74, 75-84, and ≥85).

Results: Over a median follow-up of 10 years, 8 750 participants (52%) developed incident CVD. Incident CVD was associated with significantly higher adjusted odds (aOR) of short-term and long-term physical and cognitive impairment. The oldest (≥85) age-at-diagnosis subgroup had the highest risk of short-term physical (aOR 3.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.40-3.77) and cognitive impairment (aOR 1.96, 95% CI: 1.55-2.48), as well as long-term impairment. All CVD subtypes were associated with higher odds of physical and cognitive impairment, with the highest risk for patients with incident stroke.

Conclusions: Incident CVD was associated with an increased risk of physical and cognitive impairment across CVD subtypes. Impairment risk after CVD was highest among the oldest patients (≥85 years) who should therefore remain a target for prevention efforts.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Cognitive impairment; Physical impairment.