A natural cave environment subject to regular human visitation was selected for aerobiological study to minimize the effects of severe temperature fluctuations, UV radiation, and desiccation stress on the aerobiome. The longer sampling period of bioaerosols, up to 22 months, was generally not associated with a proportionally incremental and cumulative increase of microbial biomass. The culture-independent biomass indicator ATP enabled quick and reliable determination of the total microbial biomass. Total airborne microbial biomass was influenced by human visitation to the cave, as confirmed by significantly higher concentrations being observed along tourist footpaths (p < 0.05). Airborne beta-glucans (BG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are present in cave air, but their impact on the cave remains to be evaluated. Staphylococcus spp., as an indicator of human presence, was detected at all sites studied. Their long-term survival decrease is likely due to high relative humidity, low temperature, the material to which they adhere, and potentially natural elevated radon concentration. The most commonly recorded species were: S. saprophyticus, which was identified in 52% of the studied sites, S. equorum in 29%, and S. warneri in 24% of the studied sites. Only a few isolates were assigned to Risk group 2: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. pasteuri, and S. saprophyticus.
Keywords: Staphylococcus; aerobiology; beta-glucans; biomass; lipopolysaccharide.