Development and Validation of Nutrition and Food Safety Educational Material for Fish Processors in Nigeria

Grace Adeola Adegoye; Terezie Tolar-Peterson; Henrietta Nkechi Ene-Obong; Joseph Nkem Nuntah; Monica M Pasqualino; Rahel Mathews; Juan L Silva; Wen-Hsing Cheng; Marion Willard Evans Jr; Lauren Pincus

doi:10.3390/ijerph20064891

Development and Validation of Nutrition and Food Safety Educational Material for Fish Processors in Nigeria

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 10;20(6):4891. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20064891.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
² Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
³ Department of Health Science and Human Ecology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA.
⁴ Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Calabar, Calabar 540271, Nigeria.
⁵ Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Benin, Benin 300213, Nigeria.
⁶ WorldFish One CGIAR, Jalan Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas 11960, Malaysia.
⁷ Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
⁸ College of Nursing and Health Professions, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.

Abstract

Introduction: fish can be an affordable and accessible animal-source food in many Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC).

Background: Traditional fish processing methods pose a risk of exposing fish to various contaminants that may reduce their nutritional benefit. In addition, a lack of literacy may increase women fish processors' vulnerability to malnutrition and foodborne diseases.

Objective: The overall aim of the project was to educate women and youth fish processors in Delta State, Nigeria about the benefit of fish in the human diet and to develop low literacy tools to help them better market their products. The objective of this study was to describe the development and validation of a low-literacy flipbook designed to teach women fish processors about nutrition and food safety.

Method: developing and validating instructional material requires understanding the population, high-quality and relevant graphics, and the involvement of relevant experts to conduct the content validation using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and the index value translated with the Modified Kappa Index (k).

Result: The Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) value of all domains evaluated at the initial stage was 0.83 and the Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was 0.90. At the final stage, the material was validated with CVI 0.983 by four experts and satisfied the expected minimum CVI value for this study (CVI ≥ 0.83, p-value = 0.05). The overall evaluation of the newly developed and validated flipbook was "excellent".

Conclusions: the developed material was found to be appropriate for training fish processors in Nigeria in nutrition and food safety and could be modified for a population of fish processors in other LMICs.

Keywords: content validity; educational material; food safety; literacy; low- and middle-income countries; nutrition.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

Adolescent
Diet*
Female
Food Safety
Humans
Nigeria
Nutritional Status*
Reproducibility of Results
Surveys and Questionnaires

Grants and funding

Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Fish through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Award No. 7200AA18CA00030; M. Lawrence, PI, and provides support to Nourishing Nations (Grant No. 322553 012000 027000 609360; T. Tolar-Peterson).