Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection among Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Anas Elyas Ahmed; Suhaila Abdelkarim; Maria Zenida; Maisa Ali Hussein Baiti; Atyaf Abbas Yahya Alhazmi; Bushra Ahmed Hussain Alfaifi; Rania Qarmoush Mohammed Majrabi; Nidaa Qasem M Khormi; Alyaj Alla Ali Hakami; Rafa Abdu Mohammed Alqaari; Raffan Ahmed Alhasani; Ramzi Abdu Alajam; Mohammed M Alshehri; Aqeel M Alenazi; Bader Alqahtani; Meshal Alshamrani; Ahmed Alhowimel; Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab

doi:10.3390/healthcare11060861

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection among Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Healthcare (Basel). 2023 Mar 15;11(6):861. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11060861.

Authors

Anas Elyas Ahmed¹, Suhaila Abdelkarim¹, Maria Zenida¹, Maisa Ali Hussein Baiti¹, Atyaf Abbas Yahya Alhazmi¹, Bushra Ahmed Hussain Alfaifi¹, Rania Qarmoush Mohammed Majrabi¹, Nidaa Qasem M Khormi¹, Alyaj Alla Ali Hakami¹, Rafa Abdu Mohammed Alqaari¹, Raffan Ahmed Alhasani¹, Ramzi Abdu Alajam², Mohammed M Alshehri^{2

3}, Aqeel M Alenazi⁴, Bader Alqahtani⁴, Meshal Alshamrani⁴, Ahmed Alhowimel⁴, Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab³

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan GGGD6622, Saudi Arabia.
² Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan GGGD6622, Saudi Arabia.
³ Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan GGGD6622, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan GGGD6622, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common long-term complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, various factors, such as socio-demographics, type of DM, fasting blood glucose, regular diabetes monitoring, comorbid chronic diseases, HbA1c, body mass index (BMI), and duration of DM, are also thought to predispose individuals to developing UTIs more frequently when they have DM. This research aims to evaluate the risk factors for UTIs and their prevalence among people with DM in Saudi Arabia (KSA). This cross-sectional study was conducted among 440 adults with type 1, type 2, and gestational DM. The participants had to be at least 18 years old, of both genders, and had been suffering from DM for any period of time. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect data on demographic characteristics, such as sex, age, height, weight, material state, education level, income, and clinical profiles of DM and UTI. The crude (COR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated using logistic regression in the IBM SPSS software. The incidence of types 1 and 2 DM and gestational diabetes reached 34.1, 60.9, and 5%, respectively. Most of the participants had first-degree relatives with DM (65.9%). UTI was common in 39.3% of participants. A chi-squared statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of UTI varied depending (χ2 = 5.176, P = 0.023) on the type of DM. Burning urination and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms. The CORs for sex, marital status, hypertension, and BMI were significant (P < 0.05) and had values of 2.68 (95% CI = 1.78-4.02), 0.57 (95% CI = 0.36-0.92), 1.97 (95% CI = 1.14-3.43), and 2.83 (95% CI = 1.19-2.99), respectively. According to the adjusted model, only sex influenced the occurrence of UTIs. The AOR for sex was 3.45 (95% CI = 2.08-5.69). Based on this study, the authorities related to the health of DM patients can use its findings to guide awareness programs and clinical preparedness.

Keywords: Saudi Arabia; diabetes mellitus; risk factors; urinary tract infections.

Grants and funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in KSA for funding this research work through the project number ISP22-7.