1 Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
2 School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
3 Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-Cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan.
4 Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. landoni.giovanni@hsr.it.
5 School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy. landoni.giovanni@hsr.it.
6 Department of Anesthesiology, Section On Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest Center for Biomedical Informatics, Perioperative Outcomes and Informatics Collaborative, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
7 Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.