The concordance and discordance of diabetic kidney disease and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study of 26,809 patients from 5 primary hospitals in China

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Mar 9:14:1133290. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1133290. eCollection 2023.

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) share similar pathophysiological mechanisms. However, signs of DKD may be present at diagnosis of diabetes without retinopathy. Risk factors for the development of DKD and DR may not be identical.

Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the concordance and discordance between DKD and DR by investigating the distribution of DKD and DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 5 Chinese cities. A total of 26,809 patients were involved in this study. The clinical characteristics were compared among patients based on the presence of DKD and DR. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the independent risk factors of DKD and DR.

Results: The prevalence of DKD and DR was 32.3% and 34.6%, respectively. Among eligible patients, 1,752 patients without DR had an increased urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and 1,483 patients with DR had no DKD. The positive predictive value of DR for DKD was 47.4% and negative predictive value was 67.1%. Elder age, male gender, a longer duration of disease, higher values of waist circumference and HbA1c were associated with both DR and DKD. A lower educational level was associated with DR. Higher BP and TG would predict increased prevalence of DKD.

Conclusions: DKD and DR shared many risk factors, but a significant discordance was present in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DKD was more strongly associated with blood pressure and triglycerides than DR.

Keywords: diabetic kidney disease; diabetic retinopathy; discordance; metbolic syndrome; type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • China / epidemiology
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / complications
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / epidemiology
  • Diabetic Nephropathies* / diagnosis
  • Diabetic Nephropathies* / epidemiology
  • Diabetic Nephropathies* / etiology
  • Diabetic Retinopathy* / diagnosis
  • Diabetic Retinopathy* / epidemiology
  • Diabetic Retinopathy* / etiology
  • Humans
  • Male

Grants and funding

This study was financially supported by the Tsinghua Precision Medicine Foundation (12020B7041) and Science and Technology Program of Beijing (D171100002817003). The funding organization had no role in design or conduct of the study, collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data, preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.