Surface modification of hybrid composite multilayers spin cold spraying for biomedical duplex stainless steel

Nesreen Dakhel Fahad; Nabaa Sattar Radhi; Zainab S Al-Khafaji; Abass Ali Diwan

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14103

Surface modification of hybrid composite multilayers spin cold spraying for biomedical duplex stainless steel

Heliyon. 2023 Mar 3;9(3):e14103. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14103. eCollection 2023 Mar.

Authors

Nesreen Dakhel Fahad¹, Nabaa Sattar Radhi², Zainab S Al-Khafaji^{3

4}, Abass Ali Diwan⁵

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq.
² College of Materials Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq.
³ Building and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, AL-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Iraq.
⁴ Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁵ Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa. Iraq.

Abstract

The performance of biomaterials in biological systems is of critical significance for advancing biomedical implants. Duplex Stainless Steel alloys are the major biomaterials due to their significant characteristics. Many functional coatings are deposited on DSS alloy surfaces utilizing numerous surface coating techniques to improve their bioactivity and protect them from corrosion degradations. Coatings of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), Hydroxyapatite (HA), and zinc oxide (ZnO) have received considerable attention in the field of surface bioactive modification of DSS alloy implants. The coating techniques play a key role in increasing the required biological characteristics of DSS alloys, such as biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. In this regard, HA-ZnO, HA-TiO_2, and TiO₂-ZnO from each coating group are divided into single, double, and triple layers. These coatings were prepared by cold spray and deposited on the surface of the DSS alloy, followed by a heat treatment at 250 °C. The surface morphology of coated surfaces was analyzed utilizing field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopic (AFM), microhardness test, corrosion test in Ringer solution, and antibacterial test. The coatings showed nano-scale surface morphology with advanced crystallization and homogeneous structures; in the corrosion characteristics utilizing potentiodynamic polarization, triple layers of HA-ZnO coatings displayed advanced nanostructures with higher hardness values (514.75HV). The antibacterial test showed the triple layers of HA-TiO₂ and two layers of TiO₂-ZnO sensitivity to positive bacteria.

Keywords: Biomedical; Cold spraying; Hydroxyapatite; Surface modification; Titanium dioxide; Zinc oxide.