The role of community pharmacies in the HIV and HCV care continuum

Sorosh Kherghehpoush; Kimberly C McKeirnan

doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100215

The role of community pharmacies in the HIV and HCV care continuum

Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2023 Jan 11:9:100215. doi: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100215. eCollection 2023 Mar.

Authors

Sorosh Kherghehpoush¹, Kimberly C McKeirnan¹

Affiliation

¹ Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 412 East Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA 99202-2131, USA.

Abstract

Introduction: In 2019, there were over 1.1 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 2.4 million people living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the United States. One in seven (14%) are unaware of their HIV infection and almost half of all HCV infections are undiagnosed. People with unstable housing are disproportionately affected by HIV and HCV. The present study will evaluate interventions by community pharmacists that may reduce HIV and HCV transmission and promote linkage to care.

Methods: This study was conducted in an independent community pharmacy in Spokane, Washington. Eligible study participants were walk-in patients of the pharmacy, over the age of 18, and experiencing homelessness. Pharmacy patients were excluded if they had a history of HIV or HCV diagnosis, received a screening for HIV or HCV in the last six months or were unable to give informed consent. The intervention included administration of HIV and HCV point-of-care testing (POCT) using a blood sample, risk determination interview, comprehensive HIV and HCV education, and personalized post-test and risk mitigation counseling followed by referral to partnering health clinics.

Results: Fifty participants were included in the final data analysis. Twenty-two participants (44%) had a reactive HCV POCT, and one participant had a reactive HIV POCT. Of the 94% of participants who reported illicit drug use, 74% reported injection drug use. Seventy-six percent (n = 38) qualified for PrEP. Pharmacist referrals were made for 28 participants and 71% were confirmed to have established care.

Conclusion: Individuals experiencing homelessness are at an increased risk for acquiring HIV and HCV due to risky sexual behaviors and substance misuse. PrEP is underutilized in the U.S. and pharmacist involvement in the HIV and HCV care continuum may have a significant impact in improving linkage and retention in care of difficult to treat populations.

Keywords: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HCV; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; Homelessness; IVUD, intravenous drug use; POCT, point-of-care testing; Pharmacy practice; Point-of-care testing; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; UNAIDS, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS..