Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in Basrah, Iraq

Abstract

This study aimed to measure the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among patients with diabetes mellitus aged 20 to 82 years attending the Faiha Diabetes, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center (FDEMC) in Basrah. A cross-sectional study was conducted at FDEMC, including 1542 participants aged 20 to 82 from January 2019 to December 2019. Both eyes were examined for evidence of DR by a mobile nonmydriatic camera, and statistical analysis was performed to measure the prevalence rates (95% CI) for patients with different characteristics. The mean age of participants was 35.9, with 689 males (44.7%; 95% CI: 42.2-47.2%) and 853 females (55.3%; 95% CI: 52.8-57.8%). The prevalence rate of DR was 30.5% (95% CI: 28.1-32.8%), and 11.27% of cases were proliferative retinopathy. DR significantly increased with age (p-value=0.000), it was higher in females (p-value=0.005), and significantly increased with a longer duration of diabetes (p-value<0.001), hyperglycemia (p-value<0.001), hypertension (p-value=0.004), dyslipidemia (p-value<0.001), nephropathy (p-value<0.001) and smoking (p-value<0.001). There was no statistical association between DR and the type of diabetes or obesity. One-third of the participants in this study had DR. Screening and early detection of DR using a simple tool such as a digital camera should be a priority to improve a person's health status.

Keywords: Basrah; camera; diabetes mellitus; hyperglycemia; retinopathy.