The burden of invasive meningococcal disease in the Netherlands, 2011-2020

Abstract

Introduction: Representative information on disease course and outcome of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is important because of the shift in meningococcal epidemiology that recently occurred in the Netherlands. With this study, we update earlier research on the burden of IMD in the Netherlands.

Material and methods: We performed a retrospective study using Dutch surveillance data on IMD from July 2011 to May 2020. Clinical information was collected from hospital records. The effect of age, serogroup, and clinical manifestation on disease course and outcome was assessed in multivariable logistic regression analyses. Grouping of infecting isolates was performed by Ouchterlony gel diffusion or by PCR.

Results: Clinical information was collected for 278 IMD cases of which the majority had IMD-B (55%), followed by IMD-W (27%), IMD-Y (13%), and IMD-C (5%). Most patients presented with meningitis (32%) or sepsis (30%). Hospitalisation for ≥ 10 days was most frequent among 24-64 year olds (67%). ICU admission was highest among 24-64 year olds (60%), and in case of sepsis (70%), or sepsis plus meningitis (61%). Sequelae at discharge was lower for patients with mild meningococcaemia compared to patients with sepsis plus meningitis (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07-0.51). The overall case fatality rate was 7%, and was highest for IMD-Y (14%) and IMD-W (13%) patients.

Conclusions: IMD remains a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Sepsis (with or without meningitis) is associated with a more severe disease course and outcome compared to other clinical manifestations. The high disease burden can be partly prevented by meningococcal vaccination.

Keywords: Case-fatality; Disease course; Invasive meningococcal disease; Sequelae; Serogroup.