Initial learning curves of laparoscopic and robotic distal pancreatectomy compared with open distal pancreatectomy: multicentre analysis

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
• ² Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Dresden University Hospital, Dresden, Germany.
• ³ Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
• ⁴ Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
• ⁵ Department of Surgery, Israelite Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
• ⁶ Department of Surgery, University Hospital Charité Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
• ⁷ Department of Surgical Oncology and Robotics, Krankenhaus Waldfriede, Charité Teaching Hospital, Berlin, Germany.
• ⁸ Division of Abdominal Surgery, Clarunis-Academic Centre of Gastrointestinal Diseases, St Clara and University Hospital of Basle, Basle, Switzerland.