Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Status of Adolescents in Rural Ghana

Michael Akenteng Wiafe; Charles Apprey; Reginald Adjetey Annan

doi:10.1177/11786388231158487

Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Status of Adolescents in Rural Ghana

Nutr Metab Insights. 2023 Mar 10:16:11786388231158487. doi: 10.1177/11786388231158487. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Michael Akenteng Wiafe¹, Charles Apprey², Reginald Adjetey Annan²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nutritional Sciences; University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.
² Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana.

Abstract

Background: The rapid biological and physical changes during adolescence require adequate nutrient intake. This study assessed dietary diversity and nutritional status of adolescents living in selected rural areas in Ghana.

Method: In this cross-sectional study, 137 young adolescents, aged 10 to 14 years were recruited. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, household size and food intake practices. A multiple past 24-hour recall was used to estimate the micronutrients intake. Haemoglobin and anthropometry data were assessed. Dietary diversity score was assessed with 10 food groups described by Food and Agricultural Organization. Descriptive, chi-square, binary regression and partial correlation were used in the data analysis.

Results: The prevalence of underweight was 5.5%, overweight 5.8% and anaemia 29.9%. The mean dietary diversity score was 3.8 ± 0.8 and about 84.7% of participants had inadequate dietary diversity. Proportions of adolescents who consumed from the different food groups over a 24-hour period were: grains, white roots and tubers, plantain (100%); pulses (10.2%); nuts and seeds (34.1%); dairy (8%); meat, poultry and fish (86.9%); eggs (7.3%); dark green leafy vegetables (29.9%); other vitamin-A rich fruits and vegetables (2.2%); other vegetables (81%); other fruits (7.3%). Dietary diversity scores were positively and significantly correlated with intake of micronutrient, with correlation coefficients of .169, .186, .191, .173 and .175 for vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B₆, iron and zinc, respectively. Meal skipping (AOR = 12.2, P < .001, 95% CI: 3.6-41.7) and snacking (AOR = 5.0, P = .007, 95% CI:1.6-16.7) increased odds of inadequate dietary diversity.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of inadequate dietary diversity was positively related to meal skipping and snacking among adolescents. Dietary diversity score was significantly related to the intake of vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B₆, iron and zinc. The prevalence of anaemia among our study participants is of public health concern. Adolescents should be encouraged both at home and school to eat from diverse food groups to promote adequate intake of micronutrients.

Keywords: Adolescents; anaemia; dietary diversity; meal skipping; micronutrient; overweight; snacking; underweight.