Workplace gender discrimination in the nursing workforce-An integrative review

Abstract

Aim: To critically synthesise the literature that explores the experiences of workplace gender discrimination from the perspective of registered nurses.

Design: Integrative review.

Review methods: Primary research articles reporting on the experience of workplace gender discrimination towards registered nurses in any setting were eligible for inclusion. Studies were critically appraised for methodological quality using a modified Critical Appraisal Skills Program list. The six phases of thematic analysis proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006) were used to guide the analysis. Data were extracted and coded, and themes were identified according to the review aims and significant findings of each study.

Data sources: CINAHL, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, published between January 2012 and June 2022.

Results: Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Major themes identified were (1) career progression, (2) career interruption, (3) positioning of men in nursing and (4) positioning of women in nursing.

Conclusion: This review shows that both men and women in nursing experience workplace gender discrimination; however, the forms and consequences of this discrimination differ substantially by gender.

Implications for the profession: It is important that the pursuit of greater numerical representation of men in nursing does not result in further reinforcing patriarchal advantage. Professional development for nurse leaders in managing gender issues is recommended.

Impact: This integrative review presents current issues on workplace gender discrimination for men and women in nursing. The findings suggest gender roles and norms have an effect on the careers of both men and women in nursing. The time has come to alter restrictive gender norms and to challenge notions of hegemonic masculinity and femininity.

Reporting method: We have adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines-PRISMA.

No patient or public contribution: For this literature review on workplace gender discrimination for registered nurses, we did not engage members of the patient population, nor the general public.

Keywords: discrimination; female nurse; gender; gender equality; gender stereotypes; male nurse; nurses; nursing.