The Protection Gap - Diagnosis, Treatment Status, and Disease Control for People with Diabetes and Hypertension in the US-Affiliated Pacific Islands

Abstract

Hypertension and diabetes are major causes of disability and mortality in the US-Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPI). Control of these conditions has the potential to avert much of the burden of non-communicable diseases in the region. To realize this potential, people living with hypertension and diabetes must be identified and receive treatment of sufficient intensity to control their blood pressure and blood glucose. Data from recent cross-sectional surveys conducted in 5 jurisdictions-Pohnpei, Palau, Kosrae, Marshall Islands and American Samoa-were used to estimate the adult prevalence of hypertension and diabetes as well as diagnosis awareness, treatment, and control status of the adults with these conditions. In addition to traditional prevalence indicators, the authors provide a novel presentation of non-communicable disease (NCD) data, using the concept of "protection gaps", defined as the number of people living in a community who have an NCD for which effective control is not attained. The protection gap is determined by applying survey-derived population prevalence estimates to the community's population size using census data. The protection gap is further divided into 3 groups: (1) case-finding gap-those who are unaware of their conditions; (2) tracking and outreach gap-those who are aware of their condition but not receiving treatment; and (3) treatment efficacy gap-those who are receiving treatment but whose disease is not under control. The findings show a large protection gap, with a majority of adults living with hypertension (80.8%) and diabetes (91.6%) not having their condition under control. The case-finding gap accounts for more than half of these, followed by treatment efficacy, and tracking and outreach gaps. These findings can guide public health strategies and monitoring for control of hypertension and diabetes in the USAPI region.

Keywords: Case-finding gap; Non-communicable diseases; Pacific islands; Protection gap; Secondary prevention; Tracking and outreach gap; Treatment efficacy gap.