European reclassification of non-invasive brain stimulation as class III medical devices: A call to action

Affiliations

• ¹ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium; Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
• ² Research Institute Brainclinics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
• ³ CH Le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, PSYR2, F-69500, Bron, France.
• ⁴ Department of Clinical and Health Psychology-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Serra Húnter Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain.
• ⁵ Psychiatric Hospital "Sveti Ivan", Zagreb, Croatia.
• ⁶ Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115, Coimbra, Portugal.
• ⁷ Department of biological and medical psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
• ⁸ Private Practice, 7, place de la Fusterie, 1204, Geneva, Switzerland.
• ⁹ Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Brain+Nerve Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), the Netherlands.
• ¹⁰ Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
• ¹¹ Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
• ¹² Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany. Electronic address: aantal@gwdg.de.