Using weather factors and google data to predict COVID-19 transmission in Melbourne, Australia: A time-series predictive model

Hannah McClymont; Xiaohan Si; Wenbiao Hu

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13782

Using weather factors and google data to predict COVID-19 transmission in Melbourne, Australia: A time-series predictive model

Heliyon. 2023 Mar;9(3):e13782. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13782. Epub 2023 Feb 21.

Authors

Hannah McClymont¹, Xiaohan Si¹, Wenbiao Hu¹

Affiliation

¹ School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Abstract

Background: Forecast models have been essential in understanding COVID-19 transmission and guiding public health responses throughout the pandemic. This study aims to assess the effect of weather variability and Google data on COVID-19 transmission and develop multivariable time series AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models for improving traditional predictive modelling for informing public health policy.

Methods: COVID-19 case notifications, meteorological factors and Google data were collected over the B.1.617.2 (Delta) outbreak in Melbourne, Australia from August to November 2021. Timeseries cross-correlation (TSCC) was used to evaluate the temporal correlation between weather factors, Google search trends, Google Mobility data and COVID-19 transmission. Multivariable time series ARIMA models were fitted to forecast COVID-19 incidence and Effective Reproductive Number (R _eff ) in the Greater Melbourne region. Five models were fitted to compare and validate predictive models using moving three-day ahead forecasts to test the predictive accuracy for both COVID-19 incidence and R _eff over the Melbourne Delta outbreak.

Results: Case-only ARIMA model resulted in an R squared (R²) value of 0.942, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 141.59, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 23.19. The model including transit station mobility (TSM) and maximum temperature (Tmax) had greater predictive accuracy with R² 0.948, RMSE 137.57, and MAPE 21.26.

Conclusion: Multivariable ARIMA modelling for COVID-19 cases and R _eff was useful for predicting epidemic growth, with higher predictive accuracy for models including TSM and Tmax. These results suggest that TSM and Tmax would be useful for further exploration for developing weather-informed early warning models for future COVID-19 outbreaks with potential application for the inclusion of weather and Google data with disease surveillance in developing effective early warning systems for informing public health policy and epidemic response.

Keywords: ARIMA; COVID-19; Forecasting; Internet search queries; Mobility; Weather.