Therapeutic Efficacy of a Formulation Prepared with Linum usitatissimum L., Plantago ovata Forssk., and Honey on Uncomplicated Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Analyzed with Machine Learning Techniques

Sana Qayyum; Arshiya Sultana; Md Belal Bin Heyat; Khaleequr Rahman; Faijan Akhtar; Amin Ul Haq; Batool Abdulelah Alkhamis; Mohammed Aedh Alqahtani; Reem M Gahtani

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15020643

Therapeutic Efficacy of a Formulation Prepared with Linum usitatissimum L., Plantago ovata Forssk., and Honey on Uncomplicated Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Analyzed with Machine Learning Techniques

Pharmaceutics. 2023 Feb 14;15(2):643. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020643.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Ilmul Qabalat wa Amraze Niswan, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Bengaluru 560091, Karnataka, India.
² IoT Research Center, College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
³ Centre for VLSI and Embedded System Technologies, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India.
⁴ Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.
⁵ Department of Ilmul Saidla, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Bengaluru 560091, Karnataka, India.
⁶ School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China.
⁷ Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Center for Poison Control and Medical Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

A single-blind double-dummy randomized study was conducted in diagnosed patients (n = 66) to compare the efficacy of Linseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.), Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk.), and honey in uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease (uPID) with standard drugs using experimental and computational analysis. The pessary group received placebo capsules orally twice daily plus a per vaginum cotton pessary of powder from linseeds and psyllium seeds, each weighing 3 gm, with honey (5 mL) at bedtime. The standard group received 100 mg of doxycycline twice daily and 400 mg of metronidazole TID orally plus a placebo cotton pessary per vaginum at bedtime for 14 days. The primary outcomes were clinical features of uPID (vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain (LAP), low backache (LBA), and pelvic tenderness. The secondary outcomes included leucocytes (WBCs) in vaginal discharge on saline microscopy and the SF-12 health questionnaire. In addition, we also classified both (pessary and standard) groups using machine learning models such as Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), and AdaBoost (AB). The pessary group showed a higher percentage reduction than the standard group in abnormal vaginal discharge (87.05% vs. 77.94%), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)-LAP (80.57% vs. 77.09%), VAS-LBA (74.19% vs. 68.54%), McCormack pain scale (McPS) score for pelvic tenderness (75.39% vs. 67.81%), WBC count of vaginal discharge (87.09% vs. 83.41%) and improvement in SF-12 HRQoL score (94.25% vs. 86.81%). Additionally, our DT 5-fold model achieved the maximum accuracy (61.80%) in the classification. We propose that the pessary group is cost-effective, safer, and more effective as standard drugs for treating uPID and improving the HRQoL of women. Aucubin, Plantamajoside, Herbacetin, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, Secoisolariciresinol Monoglucoside, and other various natural bioactive molecules of psyllium and linseeds have beneficial effects as they possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. The anticipated research work is be a better alternative treatment for genital infections.

Keywords: AI for medicine; L. usitatissimum L.; P. ovata Forssk.; Unani system of medicine; bioactive molecule; drug; herbal medicine; honey; inflammatory disease; machine learning; oxidative stress.

Abstract

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