Hydrogen production is mainly based on the use of fossil fuels, but currently, many alternative routes are being developed, among which the photo-reforming of oxygenated organic compounds stands out. Recently, several studies have been carried out in order to develop new techniques to create bio-inspired TiO2 structures. One of these is 'biotemplating', a process that replicates a biological system in an inorganic TiO2-based structure. In this study, olive by-products-olive leaves-are valorized as a biotemplate for the synthesis of new Fe-TiO2- and Cu-TiO2-based photocatalysts with the aim of improving the replication of the leaf structure and enhancing hydrogen photoproduction. In conclusion, the incorporation of iron and copper decreases the band gap and increases the energetic disorder at the band edges. Moreover, it is verified by SEM and TEM that the metals are not found forming particles but are introduced into the formed TiO2 structure. The accuracy of the internal and external structure replication is improved with the incorporation of Fe in the synthesis, while the incorporation of Cu substantially improves the production of hydrogen, which is multiplied 14 times under UV light and 6 times under sunlight, as compared to a pure TiO2 structure.
Keywords: biotemplating; copper; hydrogen production; iron; olive leaf; titanium dioxide.