Association of Affiliate Stigma with Parenting Stress and Its Moderators among Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Pei-Yun Lin; Wen-Jiun Chou; Ray C Hsiao; Tai-Ling Liu; Cheng-Fang Yen

doi:10.3390/ijerph20043192

Association of Affiliate Stigma with Parenting Stress and Its Moderators among Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 11;20(4):3192. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043192.

Authors

Pei-Yun Lin^{1

2

3}, Wen-Jiun Chou^{4

5}, Ray C Hsiao^{6

7}, Tai-Ling Liu^{2

3}, Cheng-Fang Yen^{2

3

8}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan.
² Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan.
³ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
⁴ School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98295, USA.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Seattle Children's, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
⁸ College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.

Abstract

Caring for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (CADHD) is stressful for caregivers. Identifying factors related to parenting stress in caregivers of CADHD can facilitate the development of intervention programs. This study aimed to examine the associations between affiliate stigma and various domains of parenting stress among caregivers of CADHD. This study also analyzed the moderating effects of demographic characteristics and the symptoms of childhood ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) on the associations between affiliate stigma and parenting stress. In total, 213 caregivers of CADHD participated in this study. Parenting stress was assessed using the Parenting Stress Index, Fourth Edition Short Form (PSI-4-SF). Affiliate stigma was assessed using the Affiliate Stigma Scale. ADHD and ODD symptoms were assessed using the Parent Form of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Scale, Version IV. The results indicated that higher affiliate stigma was significantly associated with greater parenting stress in all three domains of the PSI-4-SF. ODD symptoms increased the magnitude of parenting stress in two domains of parenting stress among caregivers with affiliate stigma. Intervention programs for relieving parenting stress among caregivers of CADHD should take affiliate stigma and child ODD symptoms into consideration.

Keywords: affiliate stigma; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; oppositional defiant disorder; parenting stress; psychological well-being.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* / complications
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Caregivers
Child
Humans
Parenting
Social Stigma

Grants and funding

This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 107-2314-B-037 -115 and 108-2314-B-037-052-MY2). The funding agency did not have a role in this study.