Associations of serum 25(OH)D levels with physical performance and anabolic hormones in young men

Akseli Laaksi; Ilkka Laaksi; Harri Pihlajamäki; Jani P Vaara; Tiina Luukkaala; Heikki Kyröläinen

doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1049503

Associations of serum 25(OH)D levels with physical performance and anabolic hormones in young men

Front Physiol. 2023 Feb 7:14:1049503. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1049503. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Akseli Laaksi¹, Ilkka Laaksi^{1

2}, Harri Pihlajamäki^{1

3}, Jani P Vaara⁴, Tiina Luukkaala^{5

6}, Heikki Kyröläinen^{4

7}

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
² Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Riihimäki, Finland.
³ Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland.
⁴ Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland.
⁵ Research, Development and Innovation Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
⁶ Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
⁷ Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.

Abstract

Purpose: The present study examined the association of vitamin D measured by serum 25(OH)D with physical performance outcomes and serum levels of anabolic hormones in young men. Methods: 412 young men (age 19 ± 1 year) entering their compulsory military service volunteered to participate in the study. The study consisted of two groups from two different military bases: Group A was studied in January and group B in July. The groups were first compared with each other and due to statistically significant (p < 0.001 analyzed with independent samples t-test) differences in physical condition (sit-up, push-up, and standing long jump-tests and testosterone levels) between the groups, groups were analyzed separately. The serum levels of 25(OH)D, testosterone (TES), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Physical performance tests consisted of muscular fitness (sit-ups, push-ups, standing long jump) and aerobic fitness (12-minute-running) tests. The association of serum 25(OH)D with physical performance tests and anabolic hormones was analyzed using linear regression. Results: After controlling for the group, body mass index, and leisure-time physical activity, serum 25(OH)D level was positively associated with aerobic and muscular fitness (β = 0.15-0.20, all p < 0.05). Also, the participants with sufficient serum 25(OH)D levels (≥75 nmol/L) had better aerobic and muscular fitness and higher TES in group B, and better upper extremity muscular fitness in group A (all p < 0.05). In group A, there were 166 participants with serum levels of 25(OH) D < 75 nmol/L and 18 ≥ 75 nmol/L. In group B, the amounts were 92 (<75 nmol/L) and 136 (≥75 nmol/L), respectively. Conclusion: Serum 25(OH)D was positively associated with both aerobic and muscular fitness and those with sufficient vitamin D levels, had higher levels of TES. Thus, maintaining a sufficient serum 25(OH)D level may be beneficial for physical performance and anabolic state in young men.

Keywords: anabolic hormones; military; physical performance; vitamin D; young men.

Grants and funding

This study was funded by the Centre for Military Medicine Finnish Defence Forces, State Research Funding (PSHP), and National Defense Support Foundation (MPKS).