Self-Healing Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Sustained Release of Dexamethasone for Ocular Therapy

Ada Annala; Blessing C Ilochonwu; Danny Wilbie; Amir Sadeghi; Wim E Hennink; Tina Vermonden

doi:10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00038

Self-Healing Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Sustained Release of Dexamethasone for Ocular Therapy

ACS Polym Au. 2022 Nov 3;3(1):118-131. doi: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00038. eCollection 2023 Feb 8.

Authors

Ada Annala¹, Blessing C Ilochonwu¹, Danny Wilbie¹, Amir Sadeghi², Wim E Hennink¹, Tina Vermonden¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
² School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop an injectable hydrogel delivery system for sustained ocular delivery of dexamethasone. To this end, a self-healing hydrogel consisting of a thermosensitive ABA triblock copolymer was designed. The drug was covalently linked to the polymer by copolymerization of methacrylated dexamethasone with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS) through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalized at both ends with a chain transfer agent (CTA). Hydrogel formation was achieved by mixing aqueous solutions of the formed thermosensitive polymer (with a cloud point of 23 °C) with cystamine at 37 °C, to result in covalent cross-linking due to the reaction of the N-hydroxysuccimide (NHS) functionality of the polymer and the primary amines of cystamine. Rheological analysis showed both thermogelation and covalent cross-linking at 37 °C, as well as the self-healing properties of the formed network, which was attributed to the presence of disulfide bonds in the cystamine cross-links, making the system injectable. The release of dexamethasone from the hydrogel occurred through ester hydrolysis following first-order kinetics in an aqueous medium at pH 7.4 over 430 days at 37 °C. Based on simulations, administration of 100 mg of hydrogel would be sufficient for maintaining therapeutic levels of dexamethasone in the vitreous for at least 500 days. Importantly, dexamethasone was released from the hydrogel in its native form as determined by LC-MS analysis. Cytocompatibility studies showed that at clinically relevant concentrations, both the polymer and the cross-linker were well tolerated by adult retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells. Moreover, the hydrogel did not show any toxicity to ARPE-19 cells. The injectability of the hydrogel, together with the long-lasting release of dexamethasone and good cytocompatibility with a retinal cell line, makes this delivery system an attractive candidate for treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases.