Lower extremity joint stiffness of autistic adolescents during running at dual speeds

Abstract

Running is one of the most common forms of physical activity for autistic adolescents. However, research examining their lower extremity dynamics is sparse. In particular, no information exists regarding lower extremity joint stiffness in autistic adolescents. This study compared knee and ankle joint stiffness during the absorption phase of running between autistic adolescents and non-autistic controls. Motion capture and ground reaction forces were recorded for 22 autistic adolescents and 17 non-autistic age, sex, and BMI matched peers who ran at self-selected and standardized (3.0 m/s) speeds. Group × speed knee and ankle joint stiffness, change in moment, and range of motion were compared using mixed-model ANOVAs. There were no group × speed interactions for any variable. Autistic adolescents presented with significant (12 % and 19 %) reduced knee and ankle joint stiffness, respectively. In addition, autistic adolescents had significant reduced changes in knee and ankle joint moments by 11 % and 21 %, respectively, compared to their non-autistic peers. Only knee joint stiffness and knee joint moments were sensitive to running speed, each significantly increasing with speed by 6 %. Current literature suggests joint stiffness is an important mechanism for stability and usage of the stretch shortening cycle (or elastic recoil); as such, it is possible that the reduced ankle plantar flexor and knee extensor stiffness found in autistic adolescents in this study could be indicative of reduced efficiency during running. As group differences existed across both speeds, autistic adolescents may benefit from therapeutic and/or educational interventions targeting efficient running mechanics.

Keywords: ASD; Autism; Biomechanics; Joint stiffness; Running.