Increased risk of false-positive HIV ELISA results after COVID-19

Abstract

Objective: From the first-generation options available in 1985, tests to detect HIV-1 specific antibodies have increased its sensitivity and specificity. HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoproteins present a certain degree of homology and shared epitope motifs, which results of relevance as both pandemics coexist. Here, we aimed to evaluate the rate of false-positive HIV serology results among individuals with COVID-19 diagnosis and in vaccinated individuals.

Design: A retrospective analysis of the samples stored at the Infectious Disease Biobank in Argentina from donors with previous COVID-19 diagnosis or anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Methods: Plasma samples were analyzed using Genscreen Ultra HIV Ag-Ab. In those with a positive result, the following assays were also performed: ELISA lateral flow Determine Early Detect; RecomLine HIV-1 & HIV-2 IgG and Abbott m2000 RealTime PCR for HIV-1 viral load quantification. In all samples, the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was evaluated by ELISA using the COVIDAR kit. Statistical analysis was done using Pearson's and Fisher's exact chi-squared test; Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Results: Globally, the false-positive HIV ELISA rate was 1.3% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.66-2.22; χ2 = 4.68, P = 0.03, when compared with the expected 0.4% false-positive rate]. It increased to 1.4% (95% CI 0.70-2.24, χ2 = 5.16, P = 0.02) when only samples from individuals with previous COVID-19 diagnosis, and to 1.8% (95% CI 0.91-3.06, χ2 = 7.99, P = 0.005) when only individuals with detectable IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were considered.

Conclusion: This higher occurrence of HIV false-positive results among individuals with detectable antibodies against Spike SARS-CoV-2 protein should be dispersed among virology testing settings, health providers, and authorities.