Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, β 2-microglobulin, hemoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase can predict early grade ≥ 3 infection in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: A real-world multicenter study

Xinyi Lu; Wenhua Liu; Lan Zhang; Xinyue Chen; Liping Yang; Qiong Yao; Jie Zhao; Shaolong He; Jia Wei; Weiwei Tian

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1114972

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, β 2-microglobulin, hemoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase can predict early grade ≥ 3 infection in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: A real-world multicenter study

Front Microbiol. 2023 Jan 27:14:1114972. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1114972. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Xinyi Lu¹, Wenhua Liu², Lan Zhang³, Xinyue Chen¹, Liping Yang¹, Qiong Yao¹, Jie Zhao¹, Shaolong He¹, Jia Wei^{1

4

5}, Weiwei Tian^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Hematology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
² Department of Hematology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
³ Department of Hematology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
⁴ Sino-German Joint Oncological Research Laboratory, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
⁵ Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.

Abstract

Introduction: This research explored the clinical application of grade ≥ 3 infection predictive models for the newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) population.

Methods: It evaluated 306 patients with NDMM based on three different predictive models. The relationship between the grade ≥ 3 infection rates in NDMM and the scores was analyzed retrospectively. The cumulative incidence of early grade ≥ 3 infection was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test to assess the statistical significance of the difference. To compare the predictive performance in the prediction of infection, the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) curve was used to show the area under the curve (AUC), and DeLong's test was used to analyze the difference in AUC.

Results: The incidence of grade ≥ 3 infection within the first 4 months of NDMM was 40.20%. Concerning the FIRST score (predictors: ECOG, β2-microglobulin, hemoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase), GEM-PETHEMA score (predictors: albumin, male sex, ECOG, and non-IgA type MM), and Infection Risk model of Multiple Myeloma (IRMM) score (predictors: ECOG, serum β2-microglobulin, globulin, and hemoglobin), the probability of early grade ≥ 3 infection in the different groups showed statistically significant differences (low-risk vs. high-risk: 25.81% vs. 50.00%, p < 0.001; low-risk vs. moderate-risk vs. high-risk: 35.93% vs. 41.28% vs. 60.00%, p= 0.045; low-risk vs. moderate-risk vs. high-risk: 20.00% vs. 43.75% vs. 52.04%, p < 0.001). Statistical differences existed in the probability of early grade ≥ 3 infection among the different groups by the FIRST and IRMM scores but no statistical differences in the GEM-PETHEMA score (p < 0.001, p< 0.001, and p = 0.090, respectively). The FIRST score showed good discrimination and simple calculation with highest AUC. Further subgroup analysis showed that the FIRST score could still apply for patients treated with bortezomib-based regimen and frail patients.

Discussion: Our findings indicate that the FIRST score (consisting of ECOG, β2-microglobulin, hemoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase) is a simple and robust infection stratification tool for patients with NDMM and could be used in routine clinical work.

Keywords: Bortezomib; frail; infection; multiple myeloma; predictive model.