(1) Background: Extubation failure after general anesthesia is significantly associated with morbidity and mortality. The risk of a difficult airway after the general anesthesia of head, neck, and maxillofacial surgeries is significantly higher than that after general surgery, increasing the incidence of extubation failure. This study aimed to develop a multivariable prediction model based on a supervised machine-learning algorithm to predict extubation failure in adult patients after head, neck, and maxillofacial surgeries. (2) Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted in adult patients who underwent head, neck, and maxillofacial general anesthesia between July 2015 and July 2022 at the Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital. The primary outcome was extubation failure after general anesthesia. The dataset was divided into training (70%) and final test sets (30%). A five-fold cross-validation was conducted in the training set to reduce bias caused by the randomly divided dataset. Clinical data related to extubation failure were collected and a stepwise logistic regression was performed to screen out the key features. Six machine-learning methods were introduced for modeling, including random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), logistic regression (LOG), support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and optical gradient boosting machine (GBM). The best performance model in the first cross-validation dataset was further optimized and the final performance was assessed using the final test set. (3) Results: In total, 89,279 patients over seven years were reviewed. Extubation failure occurred in 77 patients. Next, 186 patients with a successful extubation were screened as the control group according to the surgery type for patients with extubation failure. Based on the stepwise regression, seven variables were screened for subsequent analysis. After training, SVM and LOG models showed better prediction ability. In the k-fold dataset, the area under the curve using SVM and LOG were 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.93) and 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.82), respectively, in the k-fold dataset. (4) Conclusion: Applying our machine-learning model to predict extubation failure after general anesthesia in clinical practice might help to reduce morbidity and mortality of patients with difficult airways after head, neck, and maxillofacial surgeries.
Keywords: extubation failure; general anesthesia; head neck and maxillofacial surgeries; machine learning; postoperative difficult airway.