Multi-omics profiling and digital image analysis reveal the potential prognostic and immunotherapeutic properties of CD93 in stomach adenocarcinoma

Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 25:14:984816. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.984816. eCollection 2023.

Abstract

Background: Recent evidence highlights the fact that immunotherapy has significantly improved patient outcomes. CD93, as a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, was correlated with tumor-associated angiogenesis; however, how CD93 correlates with immunotherapy in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) remains unclear.

Methods: TCGA, GTEx, GEO, TIMER2.0, HPA, TISIDB, TCIA, cBioPortal, LinkedOmics, and ImmuCellAI public databases were used to elucidate CD93 in STAD. Visualization and statistical analysis of data were performed by R (Version 4.1.3), GraphPad (Version 8.0.1), and QuPath (Version 0.3.2).

Results: CD93 was highly expressed in STAD compared with adjacent normal tissues. The overexpression of CD93 was significantly correlated with a poor prognosis in STAD. There was a negative correlation between CD93 expression levels with CD93 mutation and methylation in STAD. Our results revealed that CD93 expression was positively associated with most immunosuppressive genes (including PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and LAG3), immunostimulatory genes, HLA, chemokine, and chemokine receptor proteins in STAD. Furthermore, in STAD, CD93 was noticeably associated with the abundance of multiple immune cell infiltration levels. Functional HALLMARK and KEGG term enhancement analysis of CD93 through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was correlated with the process of the angiogenesis pathway. Subsequently, digital image analysis results by QuPath revealed that the properties of CD93+ cells were statistically significant in different regions of stomach cancer and normal stomach tissue. Finally, we utilized external databases, including GEO, TISIDB, ImmuCellAI, and TCIA, to validate that CD93 plays a key role in the immunotherapy of STAD.

Conclusion: Our study reveals that CD93 is a potential oncogene and is an indicative biomarker of a worse prognosis and exerts its immunomodulatory properties and potential possibilities for immunotherapy in STAD.

Keywords: CD93; digital image analysis; immunotherapy; multi-omics; stomach adenocarcinoma.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adenocarcinoma* / genetics
  • Adenocarcinoma* / therapy
  • Humans
  • Immunotherapy
  • Multiomics
  • Prognosis
  • Receptors, Complement* / genetics
  • Stomach Neoplasms* / genetics
  • Stomach Neoplasms* / therapy

Substances

  • complement 1q receptor
  • Receptors, Complement

Grants and funding

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (81974377), Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Province, 345 Talent Project of Shengjing Hospital, and Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital.