Lithium-ion batteries have received significant attention over the last decades due to the wide application of portable electronics and increasing deployment of electric vehicles. In order to further enhance the performance of the batteries and overcome the capacity limitations of inorganic electrode materials, it is imperative to explore new cathode and functional materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Organosulfur materials containing sulfur-sulfur bonds as a kind of promising organic electrode materials have the advantages of high capacities, abundant resources, tunable structures, and environmental benignity. In addition, organosulfur materials have been widely used in almost every aspect of rechargeable batteries because of their multiple functionalities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the development of organosulfur materials including the synthesis and application as cathode materials, electrolyte additives, electrolytes, binders, active materials in lithium redox flow batteries, and other metal battery systems. We also give an in-depth analysis of structure-property-performance relationship of organosulfur materials, and guidance for the future development of organosulfur materials for next generation rechargeable lithium batteries and beyond.