Antimicrobial therapy is important for case management of diphtheria, but knowledge on the emergence of multidrug-resistance in Corynebacterium diphtheriae is scarce. We report on the genomic features of two multidrug-resistant toxigenic isolates sampled from wounds in France 3 years apart. Both isolates were resistant to spiramycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Genes ermX, cmx, aph(3')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, aph(3')-Ic, aadA1, dfrA15, sul1, cmlA, cmlR and tet(33) were clustered in two genomic islands, one consisting of two transposons and one integron, the other being flanked by two IS6100 insertion sequences. One isolate additionally presented mutations in gyrA and rpoB and was resistant to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Both isolates belonged to sublineage 453 (SL453), together with 25 isolates from 11 other countries (https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/diphtheria/). SL453 is a cosmopolitan toxigenic sublineage of C. diphtheriae, a subset of which acquired multidrug resistance. Even though penicillin, amoxicillin and erythromycin, recommended as the first line in the treatment of diphtheria, remain active, surveillance of diphtheria should consider the risk of dissemination of multidrug-resistant strains and their genetic elements.
Keywords: Corynebacterium diphtheriae; diphtheria; genomic epidemiology; multidrug-resistance; phylogeography; toxigenic strains.