The emerging role of exosomes in innate immunity, diagnosis and therapy

Prakash Gangadaran; Harishkumar Madhyastha; Radha Madhyastha; Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran; Yuichi Nakajima; Nozomi Watanabe; Anoop Kumar G Velikkakath; Chae Moon Hong; Rahul Velikkakath Gopi; Gothandam Kodiveri Muthukalianan; Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan; Madhan Jeyaraman; Byeong-Cheol Ahn

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085057

The emerging role of exosomes in innate immunity, diagnosis and therapy

Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 16:13:1085057. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085057. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
² Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
³ Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
⁴ Center for System Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.
⁵ Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
⁶ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India.
⁷ Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract

Exosomes, which are nano-sized transport bio-vehicles, play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis by exchanging genetic or metabolic information between different cells. Exosomes can also play a vital role in transferring virulent factors between the host and parasite, thereby regulating host gene expression and the immune interphase. The association of inflammation with disease development and the potential of exosomes to enhance or mitigate inflammatory pathways support the notion that exosomes have the potential to alter the course of a disease. Clinical trials exploring the role of exosomes in cancer, osteoporosis, and renal, neurological, and pulmonary disorders are currently underway. Notably, the information available on the signatory efficacy of exosomes in immune-related disorders remains elusive and sporadic. In this review, we discuss immune cell-derived exosomes and their application in immunotherapy, including those against autoimmune connective tissue diseases. Further, we have elucidated our views on the major issues in immune-related pathophysiological processes. Therefore, the information presented in this review highlights the role of exosomes as promising strategies and clinical tools for immune regulation.

Keywords: circulation; exosomes; secretory cells; therapy; tissue inflammation.

Publication types

Review
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Autoimmune Diseases* / metabolism
Exosomes* / metabolism
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Inflammation
Neoplasms* / diagnosis
Neoplasms* / therapy

Grants and funding

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2021R1I1A1A01040732, NRF-2022R1I1A3068477, and NRF-2022R1I1A1A01068652).