3 Mantle Drilling Promotion Office, Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 236-0001, Japan.
4 Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
Genomic records of genetic recombination and mutation rates indicate that freshwater ammonia-oxidizing archaea have evolved through paleoclimate and geohydrological history.