Predictors of Massive Transfusion Protocol Initiation Among Trauma Patients Transported From the Scene Via Flight Emergency Management Services

Abstract

Objective: Early identification of the subset of trauma patients with acute hemorrhage who require resuscitation via massive transfusion protocol (MTP) initiation is vital because such identification can ensure the availability of resuscitation products immediately upon hospital arrival and result in improved clinical outcomes, including reduced mortality. However, there are currently few studies on the predictors of MTP in the unique setting of flight transport.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of adult trauma patients transported from the scene via flight to 6 trauma centers between March 1, 2019, and January 21, 2021. Patients were included if they had emergency medical service vitals documented. The variables collected included demographics, comorbidities, cause of injury, body regions injured, in-flight treatments, and transport vitals. The primary outcome was MTP initiated by the receiving hospital.

Results: A total of 212 patients were included, of whom 16 (8%) had MTP initiated. During flight transport, 24 (11%) received whole blood, 9 (4%) received packed red blood cells, 11 (5%) had a tourniquet placed, and 5 (2%) received tranexamic acid. In adjusted analyses, receiving whole blood during transport (odds ratio [OR] = 8.52, P < .01), systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mm Hg (OR = 8.07, P < .01), and a Glasgow Coma Scale score < 13 (OR = 8.38, P < .01) were independently associated with MTP.

Conclusions: This retrospective cohort study showed that 3 factors readily available in the flight setting-receipt of whole blood, systolic blood pressure, and Glasgow Coma Scale score-are strong predictors of MTP at the receiving facility, particularly when considered in aggregate.