Statistical analysis, source apportionment, and toxicity of particulate- and gaseous-phase PAHs in the urban atmosphere

Bhupendra Pratap Singh; Torki A Zughaibi; Saif A Alharthy; Ahmed I Al-Asmari; Shakilur Rahman

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070663

Statistical analysis, source apportionment, and toxicity of particulate- and gaseous-phase PAHs in the urban atmosphere

Front Public Health. 2023 Jan 10:10:1070663. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070663. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Bhupendra Pratap Singh^{1

2}, Torki A Zughaibi^{3

4}, Saif A Alharthy^{3

4}, Ahmed I Al-Asmari^{4

5}, Shakilur Rahman⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
² Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
³ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Laboratory Department, Ministry of Health, King Aziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Abstract

Introduction: The concentrations of particulate and gaseous Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Carbon (PAHs) were determined in the urban atmosphere of Delhi in different seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon).

Methodology: The samples were collected using instrument air metric (particulate phase) and charcoal tube (gaseous phase) and analyzed through Gas chromatography. The principal component and correlation were used to identify the sources of particulate and gaseous PAHs during different seasons.

Results and discussion: The mean concentration of the sum of total PAHs (TPAHs) for particulate and gaseous phases at all the sites were found to be higher in the winter season (165.14 ± 50.44 ng/m³ and 65.73 ± 16.84 ng/m³) than in the summer season (134.08 ± 35.0 ng/m³ and 43.43 ± 9.59 ng/m³), whereas in the monsoon season the concentration was least (68.15 ± 18.25 ng/m³ and 37.63 1 13.62 ng/m³). The principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that seasonal variations of PAHs accounted for over 86.9%, 84.5%, and 94.5% for the summer, monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. The strong and positive correlation coefficients were observed between B(ghi)P and DahA (0.922), B(a)P and IcdP (0.857), and B(a)P and DahA (0.821), which indicated the common source emissions of PAHs. In addition to this, the correlation between Nap and Flu, Flu and Flt, B(a)P, and IcdP showed moderate to high correlation ranging from 0.68 to 0.75 for the particulate phase PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk values for gaseous and particulate phase PAHs at all sites were calculated to be 4.53 × 10^-6, 2.36 × 10-5 for children, and 1.22 × 10^-5, 6.35 × 10^-5 for adults, respectively. The carcinogenic health risk for current results was found to be relatively higher than the prescribed standard of the Central Pollution Control Board, India (1.0 × 10^-6).

Keywords: PAHs; PCA; carcinogenic health risk; correlation; seasonal variation.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adult
Air Pollutants* / analysis
Air Pollution* / analysis
Atmosphere / analysis
Atmosphere / chemistry
Carcinogens / analysis
Child
Environmental Monitoring / methods
Humans
Particulate Matter / analysis
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons* / analysis

Substances

Air Pollutants
Carcinogens
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Grants and funding

This research work was funded by the Institutional Fund Projects under grant no. (IFPDP-2-22). Therefore, authors gratefully acknowledge technical and financial support from Ministry of Education and the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.