Timing of Maternal Smoking Cessation and Newborn Weight, Height, and Head Circumference

Abstract

Objective: To examine the relationship between timing of smoking cessation during pregnancy and anthropometric indices of newborns.

Methods: Mothers and neonates enrolled in the JECS (Japan Environment and Children's Study), a nationwide birth cohort study, were examined. Patients with full-term neonates were included in the analysis, and 73,025 mother-neonate pairs with complete data were identified. The mothers were classified into six groups according to smoking status during pregnancy (nonsmokers [Q1, n=44,198]; ex-smokers who quit before pregnancy [Q2, n=16,461]; ex-smokers who quit in the first trimester [Q3, n=8,948]; ex-smokers who quit in the second trimester [Q4, n=498]; ex-smokers who quit in the third trimester [Q5, n=651]; and smokers who smoked throughout pregnancy [Q6, n=2,269)]). Data on smoking were based on questionnaires administered in the first, second, or third trimester and 1 month after delivery. The primary outcomes were birth weight, height, and head circumference.

Results: Compared with nonsmokers (Q1), no adverse outcomes were observed for ex-smokers who quit before pregnancy (Q2). The mean adjusted weights of male and female neonates were 135 g and 125 g lower, respectively, in Q6 participants than in Q1 participants. Comparing Q1 and Q6 participants, height was 0.6 cm and 0.7 cm smaller for male and female neonates, respectively. Head circumference in neonates of Q6 participants was 0.3 cm and 0.3 cm smaller for male and female neonates, respectively, than that in Q1 participants. Across all three measures, smoking cessation in the first and second trimester reduced the differential in outcomes between nonsmokers and individuals who smoked throughout pregnancy.

Conclusion: Smoking during pregnancy is associated with reduced newborn birth weight, height, and head circumference. Earlier smoking cessation during pregnancy reduces the adverse effects of smoking on fetal growth.