Nanoplexes of ZnS quantum dot-poly-l-lysine/iron oxide nanoparticle-carboxymethylcellulose for photocatalytic degradation of dyes and antibacterial activity in wastewater treatment

Abstract

The contamination and pollution of wastewater with a wide diversity of chemical, microbiological, and hazardous substances is a field of raising environmental concern. In this study, we developed, for the first time, new hybrid multifunctional nanoplexes composed of ZnS semiconductor quantum dots (ZnS QDs) chemically biofunctionalized with epsilon-poly-l-lysine (ɛPL) and coupled with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MION, Fe₃O₄) stabilized by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) for the photodegradation (ZnS) of organic molecules and antibacterial activity (ɛPL) with a potential of recovery by an external magnetic field (Fe₃O₄). These nanosystems, which were synthesized entirely through a green aqueous process, were comprehensively characterized regarding their physicochemical properties combined with spectroscopic and morphological features. The results demonstrated that supramolecular colloidal nanoplexes were formed owing to the strong cationic/anionic electrostatic interactions between the biomacromolecule capping ligands of the two nanoconjugates (i.e., polypeptide in ZnS@ɛPL and polysaccharide in Fe₃O₄@CMC). Moreover, these nanosystems showed photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) used as a model dye pollutant in water. Besides MB, methyl orange, congo red, and rhodamine dyes were also tested for selectivity investigation of the photodegradation by the nanoplexes. The antibacterial activity ascribed to the ɛPL biomolecule was confirmed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including drug-resistance field strains. Hence, it is envisioned that these novel green nanoplexes offer a new avenue of alternatives to be employed for reducing organic pollutants and inactivating pathogenic bacteria in water and wastewater treatment, benefiting from easy magnetic recovery.

Keywords: Antibacterial nanomaterials; Biomacromolecule-based nanohybrids; Biopolymer-polypeptide hybrid nanoplexes; Green synthesis of supramolecular nanosystems; Sustainable bioengineered nanostructures.