Working fluid selection for the geothermal-solar hybrid cycle at Olkaria II power plant in Kenya

Hofni Dionisius Venomhata Venomhata; Peter Obara Oketch; Benson Baari Gathitu; Paul Chisale

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12762

Working fluid selection for the geothermal-solar hybrid cycle at Olkaria II power plant in Kenya

Heliyon. 2023 Jan 3;9(1):e12762. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12762. eCollection 2023 Jan.

Authors

Hofni Dionisius Venomhata Venomhata¹, Peter Obara Oketch^{1

2}, Benson Baari Gathitu^{1

3}, Paul Chisale⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
³ Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
⁴ Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Copperbelt University, 4662 Jambo Drive, Riverside Campus, P. O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia.

Abstract

At Olkaria II power plant located in Kenya, the brine from the separator is re-injected back into the ground. This study analyzes a flash geothermal-solar hybrid cycle using the working fluids n-butane, n-pentane, cyclopentane, hexamethyldisiloxane and toluene in order to utilize the brine. The studied working fluids have no potential to deplete the ozone or cause global warming. The working fluids were analyzed in terms of net power output and pump power required. This was done by heating Therminol VP-1 fluid to a maximum temperature of 400 °C using the parabolic trough solar collector and varying the working fluids mass flow rate, Therminol VP-1 flow rate and pressure, and the brine pressure and flow rate. They were varied to investigate their effect on the power output of the Organic Rankine Cycle. The working fluid with higher net power output was selected as a suitable working fluid for the hybrid cycle. The selected working fluid was used to determine the average hourly power output in each month of the hybrid system using the irradiance of Olkaria II power station. N-butane showed the best results in net power output hence it was selected as a suitable working fluid as compared to the other working fluids. When the hybrid system was analyzed using n-butane to obtain the hourly average power output in each month, the results revealed that the month of February has the highest hourly average power output where the Steam Turbine has an average hourly power output of 10.48 MW and Binary Turbine net power output of 18.56 MW. The minimum average hourly power output was obtained in the month of June where the Steam Turbine has an average hourly power output of 9.08 MW and Binary Turbine net power output of 16.88 MW.

Keywords: Flash hybrid; Global warming; Organic rankine cycle; Ozone; Therminol VP-1; Working fluids.