The New Materials for Battery Electrode Prototypes

Rikson Siburian; Fajar Hutagalung; Oktavian Silitonga; Suriati Paiman; Lisnawaty Simatupang; Crystina Simanjuntak; Sri Pratiwi Aritonang; Yatimah Alias; Lin Jing; Ronn Goei; Alfred Iing Yoong Tok

doi:10.3390/ma16020555

The New Materials for Battery Electrode Prototypes

Materials (Basel). 2023 Jan 6;16(2):555. doi: 10.3390/ma16020555.

Authors

Rikson Siburian^{1

2

3}, Fajar Hutagalung³, Oktavian Silitonga¹, Suriati Paiman⁴, Lisnawaty Simatupang⁵, Crystina Simanjuntak^{2

3}, Sri Pratiwi Aritonang^{3

6}, Yatimah Alias^{7

8}, Lin Jing⁹, Ronn Goei⁹, Alfred Iing Yoong Tok⁹

Affiliations

¹ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia.
² Carbon Research Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia.
³ Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia.
⁴ Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
⁵ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan 20221, Indonesia.
⁶ Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan 20151, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
⁸ University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
⁹ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.

Abstract

In this article, we present the performance of Copper (Cu)/Graphene Nano Sheets (GNS) and C-π (Graphite, GNS, and Nitrogen-doped Graphene Nano Sheets (N-GNS)) as a new battery electrode prototype. The objectives of this research are to develop a number of prototypes of the battery electrode, namely Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//C-π, and to evaluate their respective performances. The GNS, N-GNS, and primary battery electrode prototypes (Cu/GNS/Electrolyte/C-π) were synthesized by using a modified Hummers method; the N-doped sheet was obtained by doping nitrogen at room temperature and the impregnation or the composite techniques, respectively. Commercial primary battery electrodes were also used as a reference in this research. The Graphite, GNS, N-GNS, commercial primary batteries electrode, and battery electrode prototypes were analyzed using an XRD, SEM-EDX, and electrical multimeter, respectively. The research data show that the Cu particles are well deposited on the GNS and N-GNS (XRD and SEM-EDX data). The presence of the Cu metal and electrolytes (NH₄Cl and MnO₂) materials can increase the electrical conductivities (335.6 S cm^-1) and power density versus the energy density (4640.47 W kg^-1 and 2557.55 Wh kg^-1) of the Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N-GNS compared to the commercial battery (electrical conductivity (902.2 S cm^-1) and power density versus the energy density (76 W kg^-1 and 43.95 W kg^-1). Based on all of the research data, it may be concluded that Cu/GNS//Electrolyte//N-GNS can be used as a new battery electrode prototype with better performances and electrical activities.

Keywords: Cu/GNS; N-graphene nano sheets; battery electrode prototype; electrolyte; graphene nano sheets; graphite.

Grants and funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, Republic of Indonesia who support this work under Scheme Program “Program Penelitian Dasar (PD) 2022” No. 69/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-DRTPM/L/2022.