Objective: Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a not rare condition in HIV-negative patients. Here, we describe the clinical characteristics, possible risk factors, and outcomes of HIV-negative patients with CM.
Methods: Medical records from 99 HIV-negative patients with CM admitted to our hospital from 2010 to 2021 were reviewed systematically. We compared the clinical features and outcomes between patients with underlying diseases and otherwise healthy hosts.
Results: The 99 HIV-negative CM patients had a mean age at presentation of 56.2 ± 16.2 years, and the female-to-male ratio was 77:22. A total of 52 (52.5%) CM patients had underlying conditions, and 47 patients (47.5%) had no underlying conditions. Kidney transplant represented the most frequent underlying condition (11.1%), followed by rheumatic disease (10.1%) and hematological diseases (9.1%). Compared to patients without underlying conditions, those with underlying conditions had significantly more fever, more steroid therapy, higher serum creatinine, and lower albumin, IgG, hemoglobin, and platelets (p < 0.05 for each). CM patients without underlying conditions had significantly more alcohol abuse than those with underlying conditions (31.9% vs. 9.6%, p = 0.011). By logistic regression analysis, male gender (OR = 3.16, p = 0.001), higher CSF WBC (OR = 2.88, p = 0.005), and protein (OR = 2.82, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with mortality.
Conclusion: Patients with underlying conditions had a similar mortality to patients without underlying conditions. Alcohol abuse was a probable risk factor for CM for previously healthy patients. Male gender, higher CSF WBC, and protein were significantly associated with mortality.
Keywords: HIV-negative; alcohol abuse; cryptococcal meningitis; kidney transplant; risk factors.