1 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. Electronic address: wush@igsnrr.ac.cn.
2 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
3 School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
4 National Disaster Reduction Center, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100124, China.
5 School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
6 Department of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China.