1 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
2 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address: yangk@tsinghua.edu.cn.
3 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
4 School of Geography, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China.
5 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.