Background: The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic may have negative impacts on individuals' mental health. At the same time, protective factors such as mindfulness, i.e., a moment-to-moment awareness of own experiences without judgment, may have positive effects on various psychological outcomes during the pandemic.
Objectives: The current study analyzed the associations between trait mindfulness and psychological outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic at three measurement points, testing self-efficacy and coping strategies as further potential predictors.
Design & methods: Altogether 207 students (85% female, mostly between 18 and 25 years old) participated in a longitudinal online survey from May to July 2020. At t1, t2, and t3, trait mindfulness, COVID-19-specific psychological well-being, depressiveness, anxiety, and stress were assessed. In addition, coping strategies were measured at t1 and self-efficacy at t2.
Results: Psychological outcomes at t1 were associated with trait mindfulness and coping strategies. The change in psychological outcomes between t2 and t3 was predicted by trait mindfulness and self-efficacy and to some extent by maladaptive coping. In a cross-lagged panel design, trait mindfulness was a better predictor of the psychological outcomes than vice versa.
Conclusions: Our results support the value of trait mindfulness for psychological outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; DASS; coping strategies; psychological well-being; self-efficacy; trait mindfulness.